Author: Alan Nafzger, Ph.D.

The process of determining the amount of usable meat from a carcass, based on factors such as fat thickness, ribeye area, and carcass weight. Yield grades range from 1 (highest yield) to 5 (lowest yield). For instance, calculating yield grades to optimize meat production and processing.

The practice of removing a portion of an animal’s tail, often for hygiene or health reasons. Tail docking is controversial and subject to regulation in some areas. For instance, docking the tails of lambs to prevent flystrike.

The implementation of a systematic approach to managing the environmental aspects of food production and distribution, including planning, monitoring, and continuous improvement. For example, developing food product environmental management systems to reduce environmental impact and improve sustainability performance.

Domesticated bovine animals raised specifically for milk production. Dairy cattle include breeds such as Holstein, Jersey, and Guernsey. For example, managing dairy cattle to produce milk for cheese, butter, and other dairy products.

The overall condition of soil, including its physical, chemical, and biological properties. Soil health is essential for sustainable agricultural production and environmental quality. For example, improving soil health through conservation practices such as cover cropping, reduced tillage, and organic matter addition to support productive and resilient farming systems.

A dairy product made by fermenting milk with beneficial bacteria, resulting in a thick, tangy product. Yogurt is consumed as a snack, dessert, or ingredient in recipes. For example, making Greek yogurt by straining regular yogurt to achieve a thicker consistency.

The physical structure and appearance of cattle, including body shape, muscle development, and skeletal structure. Conformation is important for evaluating livestock quality. For example, selecting cattle with desirable conformation traits for breeding and meat production.

The practices and strategies used to maintain optimal water quality in aquaculture systems, including monitoring and treating water parameters. For example, implementing water quality management practices to ensure healthy fish and prevent disease outbreaks.

The practices and technologies used to handle, store, and preserve agricultural products after harvest, ensuring quality and reducing losses. For example, implementing post-harvest handling and storage practices to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of crops.

Different forms of fertilizers used to provide nutrients to plants. Fertilizer types include organic, synthetic, liquid, and granular. For example, using organic compost as a natural fertilizer for vegetable gardens.