Category: C

Calorie: A unit of measurement of heat or energy. Symbol: cal. Ensuring livestock receive adequate calories is essential for maintaining their energy levels, health, and productivity.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease /kr??tsf?lt jæ:k?b d?zi:z/ noun a disease of the human nervous system caused by a slow-acting prion which eventually affects the brain. It may be linked to BSE in cows. Abbr CJD. Managing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease involves implementing biosecurity measures to protect livestock and human health.

Cast Sheep: A sheep lying on its back and unable to get up again. Monitoring and managing cast sheep involves providing appropriate care to prevent injury and ensure animal welfare.

Carotene: An orange or red pigment in carrots, egg yolk, and some natural oils, converted by the liver into vitamin A. Managing carotene intake in livestock diets ensures they receive adequate vitamin A for healthy growth and reproduction.

Case Hardening: The formation of a hard surface on a piece of food by deposition of sugar or salt. Understanding case hardening helps farmers and food processors ensure the quality and preservation of food products.

Calorific Value: Same as energy value. Understanding the calorific value of feed helps farmers formulate balanced diets for their livestock, promoting optimal health and growth.

Cade Lamb: A lamb reared from a bottle due to the death of its mother. Raising cade lambs ensures the survival of orphaned lambs, contributing to overall flock productivity.

Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbitaceae /kju:k?:b?tæsi:i:/ noun the Latin name for vine crops, the family of plants including melons, marrows, and gourds. Also called the cucurbits. Cultivating cucurbit crops provides nutritious vegetables for markets.

Coffee Berry Borer: Coffee berry borer /k?fi beri b?r?/ noun a small beetle which lays its eggs inside green coffee berries. Managing coffee berry borers is crucial for maintaining coffee crop quality and yield.

Conifer: Conifer noun a tree with long thin needle-shaped leaves and bearing seed in scaly cones. Most are evergreen. COMMENT: Conifers are members of the order Coniferales and include pines, firs, and spruce. They are natives of the cooler temperate regions, are softwoods, and often grow very fast. Their tough leaves are called needles and are resistant to cold and drought. They are frequently used in timber plantations. Growing conifers provides valuable timber and enhances forest management.

CS: CS symbol caesium. Understanding caesium aids in managing soil health and crop nutrition.

Cell: The basic independently functioning unit of all plant and animal tissue. Understanding cell biology aids farmers in managing plant and animal health for optimal productivity.

Carrying Capacity: The maximum number of livestock that can be supported in a given area. Understanding carrying capacity helps farmers manage grazing practices and maintain healthy pasturelands.

Cow: Cow noun a female bovine animal. Raising cows provides valuable milk and meat resources for markets.

Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE): A disease of goats characterized by swollen joints and pneumonia, spread by contact with saliva and milk. Preventing CAE involves regular testing, culling infected animals, and maintaining biosecurity measures.

Confederation of European Maize Producers: Confederation of European Maize Producers noun an organization representing the interests of European farmers who produce maize. Engaging with the Confederation of European Maize Producers supports advocacy and policy development for maize farmers.

Cloaca: The terminal region of the gut with intestinal, urinary, and genital canals opening into it. Understanding livestock anatomy, including the cloaca, helps farmers manage animal health and diagnose conditions.

Cottage Piggery: Cottage piggery noun a pig housing with low roofs and an open yard. Utilizing cottage piggeries provides proper housing and management for pigs.

Cow Beef: Cow beef noun beef from dairy cows no longer needed for milk production. Utilizing cow beef provides valuable meat resources.

Contact: Contact noun a physical connection between two or more things, especially the fact of one touching the other Don’t allow the part to come into contact with water. Managing contact involves preventing contamination and ensuring product quality.

Case: An outer covering or a single occurrence of a disease. Properly managing cases of disease involves implementing biosecurity measures and providing appropriate veterinary care to protect livestock health.

Clayey: Containing clay. Understanding soil composition helps farmers manage fertility and optimize crop production on clayey lands.

Cattle Grid: A type of grill covering a hole in the road to prevent stock from crossing but allowing vehicles and humans to pass. Using cattle grids helps farmers manage livestock movement and protect pasturelands.

Cross-Compliance: Cross-compliance noun the setting of environmental conditions that must be met when developing agricultural support policies, especially in the European Union. Also called environmental conditionality. ‘While there is some evidence to suggest that farmers in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones are taking greater account of the value of manures it is becoming increasingly apparent that cross-compliance, and therefore the Single Payment Scheme, also requires farmers to make allowances for the nutrients in any organic matter applied.’ [Farmers Guardian]. Engaging in cross-compliance practices supports sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation.

Canopy: A layer of branches and leaves of trees that shade the ground underneath. Managing forest canopies supports biodiversity and protects soil from erosion, benefiting overall farm ecosystem health.

Concentration: Concentration noun the amount of a substance in a given volume or mass of a solution. Understanding concentration aids in formulating effective agrochemicals and fertilizers.

Chalaza: A coil of fibrous protein holding the yolk in the center of an egg. Understanding egg anatomy, including chalaza, helps farmers and processors ensure egg quality and safety for consumption.

Cyst Nematodes: Cyst nematodes plural noun dark brown lemon-shaped cysts, which live and breed in the roots of cereals, mainly oats. The crops will show patches of stunted yellowish-green plants. Managing cyst nematodes involves using integrated pest management strategies to protect crops.

Clean Pasture: Pasture left ungrazed for four to six weeks after contamination with parasitic worm larvae. Using clean pasture management practices helps farmers reduce parasite burdens and maintain healthy livestock.

Cats’ Faces: Same as field pansy. Managing field pansy involves using appropriate weed control measures to protect crops and maintain healthy fields.

Cu: Cu symbol copper. Understanding copper’s role in biology and industry aids in managing soil health and crop nutrition.

Currant: Currant noun 1. a small dried seedless black grape 2. a small round juicy fruit from a bush, e.g. a blackcurrant. Cultivating currants provides nutritious fruit for markets.

Cultivation: Cultivation /k?lt?ve???n/ noun the action of cultivating land or plants. Engaging in cultivation practices supports sustainable agriculture and crop production.

Canning Factory: A factory where food is canned. Operating or utilizing canning factories helps farmers preserve and market their produce, reducing waste and increasing profitability.

Cropland: Cropland /kr?plænd/ noun agricultural land which is used for growing crops. Managing cropland supports sustainable farming practices and crop production.

Casein: A protein found in milk, precipitated by acid contact to form cheese. Managing casein in dairy production is crucial for cheese making and ensuring high-quality dairy products.

Combing Wool: Combing wool noun a long-stapled wool, suitable for combing and making into worsted. Producing combing wool provides high-quality material for textile production.

Colon: Colon noun the large intestine, running from the caecum to the rectum. Understanding animal digestive systems aids in effective livestock nutrition management.

Crofting: Crofting /kr?ft??/ noun a system of farming in Scotland, where the arable land of small farms, which was previously held in common, was divided among the joint tenants into separate crofts, while the pasture remains in common. Implementing crofting practices supports rural development and sustainable farming.

Common Agricultural Policy: Common Agricultural Policy noun a set of regulations and mechanisms agreed between members of the European Union to control the supply, marketing, and pricing of farm produce. Abbr CAP. COMMENT: The European Union has set up a common system of agricultural price supports and grants. The system attempts to encourage stable market conditions for agricultural produce, to ensure a fair return for farmers and reasonable market prices for the consumer, and finally to increase yields and productivity on farms in the Union. A system of common prices for the main farm products has been established with intervention buying as the main means of market support. The first major reforms in 30 years were carried out in 1992 and included arable set-aside, suckler cow quotas, ewe quotas, price reductions on oilseeds, peas, beans, cereals, and beet. The second major CAP reform was in 2003 with the introduction of the Single Farm Payment Scheme (SFPS), which brought together individual subsidy schemes into a single payment calculated on the land area used. Understanding the Common Agricultural Policy helps farmers navigate subsidies and market regulations.

Cereal: A type of grass cultivated for its grains, used to make flour, animal feed, or produce alcohol. Growing cereal crops provides staple food and feed sources, contributing to farm productivity and food security.

Cochin: Cochin /k?t?in/ noun a breed of domestic fowl originating in China. Raising Cochins provides valuable poultry products and contributes to farm diversity.

Cluster: The four cup attachments of a milking machine attached to the teats of a cow’s udder. Using milking clusters helps farmers manage dairy operations efficiently and ensure high-quality milk production.

Cubed Concentrates: Cubed concentrates plural noun concentrates for livestock in the form of small cubes. Utilizing cubed concentrates enhances feed quality and management for livestock.

Caper: A Mediterranean shrub whose flower buds are used as a flavoring. Cultivating capers provides a specialty crop for gourmet markets, diversifying farm products and income.

Cycle: Cycle noun a series of actions which end at the same point as they begin With the piston engine, the cycle is intermittent, whereas in the gas turbine, each process is continuous. Understanding cycles aids in managing agricultural production and machinery efficiency.

Chromosomal: Referring to chromosomes. Understanding chromosomal structures and functions aids farmers in managing plant and animal breeding for optimal productivity.

Clun Forest: A hardy grass hill breed of sheep with fine dense fleece, a dark brown face, and a permanent topknot. Raising Clun Forest sheep provides high-quality wool and meat, contributing to farm productivity and income.

Compost Heap: Compost heap noun a pile of organic, especially plant, waste, usually kept in a container and left to decay gradually, being turned over occasionally. It is used as a fertilizer and soil improver. Managing compost heaps involves regular turning and monitoring to ensure proper decomposition.

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health: Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (UK Regulations) noun full form of COSHH. Engaging with COSHH ensures compliance with health and safety regulations for hazardous substances.