Category: I

International Coffee Organization: An international organization set up to stabilize the international market in coffee by holding buffer stocks to offset seasonal differences in production quantities. Abbr ICO. Provides market stability for coffee farmers.

IUCN – The World Conservation Union: A union of 140 countries that generates scientific knowledge, advice and standards on environmental subjects and monitors the status of species, publishing findings in its Red Lists. Helps farmers understand global conservation efforts.

infected area: A place where animals must be kept in isolation as a result of a notice issued by the Animals Inspector when an animal is suspected or known to have a notifiable disease. Helps farmers implement biosecurity measures.

intensive livestock production: A specialized system of livestock production where the livestock are housed indoors. This system can be started up at any time of the year. Disease hazards are those related to diet and permanent housing for the whole of the animal’s life. Helps farmers manage indoor livestock production.

imbalance: 1. A situation where the balance between a set of things is unequal. Lack of vitamins A and E creates hormonal imbalances in farm animals. 2. A situation where one species is dominant. Helps farmers manage animal health and biodiversity.

infectivity: The state of being infective. Helps farmers understand and control the spread of infectious diseases.

intermuscular: Referring to something which is between muscles. Helps farmers understand animal anatomy and meat quality.

IPU: Isoproturon. A herbicide used on cereals that is found as a contaminant of surface water. Helps farmers understand herbicide use and environmental impact.

inorganic acid: An acid which comes from a mineral. Helps farmers understand chemical properties and applications.

intensive farming: A farming system that uses high levels of inputs, such as labor, fertilizers, and capital, to achieve high yields. Intensive farming can increase productivity but requires careful management to avoid environmental degradation.

intensity: The degree to which land is used. Helps farmers optimize land use.

import: 1. To introduce new things from elsewhere. 2. To buy crops or produce in foreign countries and bring them back into the home country. They import dates from North Africa. Knowledge of imports helps farmers diversify their produce and meet market demands.

insemination: The introduction of sperm into the vagina. Helps farmers understand and apply artificial insemination techniques.

integrated pollution control: An approach which looks at all inputs and outputs from a process that is likely to cause pollution and regulates other factors as well as emissions. Abbr IPC, IPPC. Helps farmers manage environmental impact of farming practices.

infest: (of pests) To be present somewhere in large numbers. Pine forests are infested with these beetles. Plants that have been infested should be dug up and burnt. Helps farmers manage pest infestations.

inseminate: To impregnate, by introducing male spermatozoa into the female’s body so that they link with the female’s ova. Helps farmers manage breeding programs.

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics: An organization established in 1972 at Hyderabad, India. Abbr ICRISAT. Farmers benefit from research on crops suited to semi-arid conditions.

IPC: Integrated pollution control. Helps farmers manage environmental impact of farming practices.

intramuscular: Referring to something which is inside the muscle, as intramuscular fat in meat. Helps farmers understand animal anatomy and meat quality. Compare intermuscular.

IACS: Integrated Administration and Control System – measures intended to combat fraud in aid applications and ensure fair competition in Europe, part of the CAP reforms of 1992. Helps farmers comply with regulations and secure necessary subsidies.

incompatible: Unable to cross-fertilize and produce offspring. Helps farmers understand breeding limitations and compatibility.

invertebrate: An animal that has no backbone. Helps farmers understand the role of invertebrates in agriculture. Compare vertebrate.

irrigate: To supply water to land to allow plants to grow, by channels, pipes, sprays or other means. Helps farmers manage irrigation practices.

IACR: Institute of Arable Crops Research – a research group based in Harpenden, Hertfordshire, which investigates techniques in crop growing. Farmers can benefit from the latest research and advancements in arable crop management.

infect: 1. (of an organism) To enter a host organism and cause disease. The new strain has infected many people, and the disease is spreading fast. All these plants have been infected by a virus. 2. To contaminate something with a microorganism that causes disease. Helps farmers manage disease prevention and control in crops and livestock.

interrelay cropping: A cropping system in which the crops are grown in quick succession, so that the succeeding crop is sown in the standing one, some time before it is harvested. Helps farmers optimize crop production and land use.

insect bite: A sting caused by an insect which punctures the skin and in so doing introduces irritants. Helps farmers understand and treat insect bites in livestock.

irongrass: Same as knotgrass. Helps farmers identify and manage this plant species.

IBR: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis – a virus disease of cattle which affects the reproductive, nervous, respiratory or digestive systems. Milk yield is depressed as adults run a high fever. Understanding IBR helps farmers manage herd health.

isohyet: A line on a map linking points of equal rainfall. Helps farmers understand precipitation patterns.

infiltration: The passing of water into the soil or into a drainage system. Helps farmers manage irrigation and soil water levels.

International Livestock Centre for Africa: An organization established in 1974 at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Abbr ILCA. Provides research and resources for livestock farmers in Africa.

International Programme on Chemical Safety: A collaboration between the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme, to investigate issues relating to chemical safety. Abbr IPCS. Helps farmers understand chemical safety regulations.

Ig: Immunoglobulin – a protein produced by specific white blood cells that acts as an antibody in immune responses. Abbr Ig. Important for livestock health and disease management.

ironweed: Same as knotgrass. Helps farmers identify and manage this plant species.

ICCA: International Cocoa Agreement – an agreement between countries to stabilize the price of cocoa. Ensures fair trade practices and stable income for cocoa farmers.

intervention buying: A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy, whereby governments or their agents offer to buy surplus agricultural produce at a predetermined price. Helps farmers manage surplus production.

interspecific: Involving two or more species. Helps farmers understand interactions between different species in agriculture.

induced twinning: The act of producing twin young after embryo transfer with twin embryos. Helps farmers increase livestock production.

incisor: A flat sharp-edged tooth in the front of the mouth for cutting and tearing food. Helps farmers understand animal anatomy and health.

intersow: To sow seed between rows of existing plants. Helps farmers manage intercropping practices.

inoculum: 1. Material used to inoculate a person or animal against a disease. 2. Microscopic airborne spores or other material from an organism that causes disease. Helps farmers understand and apply inoculation practices.

injurious weed: A weed which causes damage to crops or livestock, e.g. ragwort or creeping thistle. Helps farmers identify and manage harmful weeds.

integrated pest management: An appropriate combination of different methods of pest control, involving good cultivation practices, use of chemical pesticides, resistant crop varieties and biological control. Abbr IPM. Helps farmers effectively manage pests with minimal environmental impact.

interveinal: Between the veins. Helps farmers understand plant anatomy and health.

inflorescence: A flower or a group of flowers on a stem. Helps farmers understand plant reproduction and flowering.

infestation: The presence of large numbers of pests. The crop showed a serious infestation of greenfly. The condition is caused by an infestation of lice. Helps farmers identify and control pest infestations.

impoverished: Referring to something with reduced quality. If impoverished soil is left fallow for some years, nutrients may build up in the soil again. Helps farmers recognize and restore degraded land.

improvement: The act or an instance of something becoming or being made better. The improvement of crop varieties by selection. There is still room for improvement in performance. We need to achieve improvements in efficiency. Helps farmers continuously enhance their practices and outputs.

inorganic fungicide: A fungicide made from inorganic substances such as sulfur. Helps farmers manage fungal diseases in crops.