Category: N

non-EU: adjective not in the EU. Understanding the regulatory and market differences between EU and non-EU countries helps farmers navigate international trade and export opportunities. Farmers can benefit from staying informed about trade agreements, tariffs, and import/export requirements to access new markets and expand their business. Knowledge of non-EU trade dynamics supports strategic decision-making and enhances farm profitability by leveraging global market opportunities.

Norfolk rotation: a system for farming, using arable farming for fodder crops, and involving the temporary sowing of grass and clover. The Norfolk rotation system, introduced in the early 18th century, provided a well-balanced method for building up and maintaining soil fertility, controlling weeds and pests, and providing continuous employment and profitability. Farmers can benefit from adopting the principles of the Norfolk rotation to enhance soil health, reduce dependency on chemical inputs, and promote sustainable farming practices. Implementing crop rotation systems supports long-term productivity and environmental stewardship.

nodule: a small lump found on the roots of leguminous plants such as peas which contains bacteria that can convert nitrogen from the air into nitrogen compounds. Nodules are essential for nitrogen fixation, enriching the soil with natural nitrogen and reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. Farmers can benefit from understanding the role of nodules in leguminous plants and incorporating these plants into their crop rotations. This practice enhances soil fertility, supports sustainable farming, and reduces input costs. Promoting nitrogen fixation through nodules ensures long-term soil health and farm productivity.

nitrogen fertiliser: a fertilizer containing mainly nitrogen, e.g., ammonium nitrate. Nitrogen fertilizers are essential for providing crops with the nitrogen needed for growth and development. Farmers can benefit from understanding the different types of nitrogen fertilizers and their application methods to optimize nutrient availability. Proper use of nitrogen fertilizers enhances crop productivity, improves soil fertility, and supports sustainable farming practices. Balancing nitrogen application with crop needs and environmental considerations helps maximize yields and minimize environmental impact.

nutrient budget: a summary of the inputs and outputs of nutrients on a farm, e.g., the amount of nitrogen added to the soil from organic manure and from fertilizers, and the amount taken away in the crops harvested. A nutrient budget helps farmers manage soil fertility and optimize crop production by balancing nutrient inputs and outputs. By creating and monitoring a nutrient budget, farmers can ensure efficient nutrient use, reduce waste, and prevent environmental pollution. Understanding nutrient budgets supports informed decision-making in fertilization and soil management, leading to better yields and sustainable farming practices.

nest box: an open-fronted box in which a hen lays eggs. The box may be a single unit or part of a series of boxes. Providing nest boxes for laying hens can improve egg production and quality by offering a clean, safe, and comfortable environment for hens to lay their eggs. Farmers can benefit from well-designed nest boxes that reduce egg breakage and contamination, leading to higher yields and better marketability. Proper nest box management also enhances animal welfare and overall farm productivity.

NIAB: abbreviation for National Institute of Agricultural Botany. The National Institute of Agricultural Botany plays a critical role in ensuring the quality and performance of crop varieties. Farmers benefit from NIAB’s rigorous testing by gaining access to high-yielding, disease-resistant, and climate-adapted crop varieties. Utilizing NIAB-approved seeds can lead to improved crop performance, higher productivity, and greater resilience to environmental stresses, contributing to sustainable farming practices.

non-organic: adjective referring to crops that are not produced according to guidelines restricting the use of fertilizers and other practices. Understanding the differences between organic and non-organic farming helps farmers make informed decisions about their production methods. While non-organic farming allows the use of synthetic inputs, it can offer higher yields and more consistent quality. Farmers can benefit from choosing the approach that best suits their market demands, resource availability, and sustainability goals. Balancing non-organic and organic practices can optimize farm productivity and environmental impact.

neigh: a sound made by a horse. verb (of a horse) to make the characteristic sound of a horse. Compare bleat, grunt, low. Understanding the vocalizations of farm animals, such as a horse’s neigh, can help farmers monitor animal behavior and well-being. Recognizing these sounds aids in detecting signs of distress, illness, or changes in the environment that may require attention. Effective communication with and observation of animals can improve animal welfare, ensure timely interventions, and enhance overall farm management and productivity.

nature: 1. the characteristics that make someone or something what they are. 2. all living organisms and the environments in which they live. Living in harmony with nature means adopting practices that support ecological balance and sustainability. Farmers can benefit from understanding natural processes and working with them rather than against them. This can lead to healthier crops and livestock, reduced input costs, and a more resilient farming system. Embracing nature-based solutions can also enhance the farm’s environmental stewardship and appeal to environmentally conscious consumers.

nitrogen oxide: an oxide formed when nitrogen is oxidized, e.g., nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide. Formula: NOx. Managing nitrogen oxide emissions is important for reducing air pollution and its associated health and environmental impacts. Farmers can benefit from adopting practices that minimize NOx emissions, such as optimizing fertilizer application, using nitrification inhibitors, and implementing conservation tillage. Reducing nitrogen oxide emissions supports environmental sustainability and enhances the farm’s reputation for responsible management.

nematode disease: a disease of the alimentary tract and lungs, caused by nematodes. Infection is transmitted from one group of animals to another by means of infective larvae in herbage. Managing nematode diseases in livestock is essential for maintaining animal health and farm productivity. Farmers can benefit from implementing preventive measures such as proper grazing management, regular deworming, and maintaining good hygiene practices. Early diagnosis and treatment can reduce the spread of infection and minimize economic losses. Ensuring healthy livestock leads to better growth rates and higher farm profitability.

nitrite: 1. an ion with the formula NO2. 2. a chemical compound containing the nitrite ion, e.g., sodium nitrite. Nitrites are formed by bacteria from nitrogen as an intermediate stage in the formation of nitrates. Managing nitrite levels in soil and water is important for ensuring crop and livestock health. Farmers can benefit from regular testing and monitoring of nitrite concentrations, particularly in irrigation water and feed. Implementing practices that reduce nitrite accumulation, such as proper waste management and balanced fertilization, helps protect plant and animal health.

Norfolk horn: a rare breed of sheep adapted to dry heathland. Black-faced and horned. The Norfolk Horn breed is valued for its hardiness and adaptability to challenging environments. Farmers can benefit from raising this rare breed to enhance genetic diversity, improve resilience to local conditions, and tap into niche markets for heritage breeds. Understanding the specific care and management needs of Norfolk Horn sheep supports successful breeding and production, contributing to sustainable livestock farming.

nature management: the activity of managing a natural environment to encourage plant and animal life. Also called habitat management. Effective nature management on farms involves creating and maintaining habitats that support biodiversity and ecosystem services. Farmers can benefit from implementing practices such as planting hedgerows, maintaining wetlands, and creating wildlife corridors. These actions can enhance pollination, natural pest control, and soil health, leading to increased agricultural productivity and sustainability. Engaging in nature management can also attract eco-tourism and educational opportunities, diversifying farm income.

north-facing: adjective directed towards the north. A north-facing slope. Managing north-facing land requires understanding its unique environmental conditions, such as reduced sunlight and cooler temperatures. Farmers can benefit from selecting appropriate crops and management practices for north-facing slopes, optimizing growth and productivity. Understanding the microclimate and soil characteristics of north-facing areas helps ensure successful crop production and sustainable land use. Implementing site-specific strategies enhances farm efficiency and resilience.

NAWARAD: abbreviation for National Assembly for Wales Agriculture and Rural Affairs Department. NAWARAD supports farmers in Wales by providing resources, grants, and policy guidance on sustainable agriculture, animal welfare, and rural development. Engaging with NAWARAD helps farmers access financial assistance, stay informed about regulatory changes, and implement practices that enhance farm productivity and environmental stewardship. This support can lead to more resilient and profitable farming operations, contributing to the overall well-being of rural communities in Wales.

Norway rat: same as brown rat. Managing Norway rats, also known as brown rats, is essential for protecting crops, feed stores, and farm infrastructure. Farmers can benefit from implementing integrated pest management strategies, including trapping, exclusion, and proper sanitation, to control rat populations. Understanding the behavior and habitat preferences of Norway rats helps farmers take effective measures to prevent infestations and reduce the risk of damage. Effective rodent management supports farm biosecurity, protects resources, and ensures a healthier farming environment.

non-food crops: plural noun crops which are grown for purposes other than producing food, such as to provide renewable energy or chemicals. Non-food crops offer farmers opportunities to diversify their production and tap into emerging markets for bioenergy, industrial raw materials, and pharmaceuticals. By growing non-food crops, farmers can reduce dependency on traditional food markets, enhance income stability, and contribute to sustainable development. Understanding market demand and production requirements for non-food crops helps farmers make informed decisions and optimize their farming operations.

novel crop: a non-traditional crop, e.g., miscanthus grown as an energy crop or evening primrose grown for supply to the pharmaceutical industry. Growing novel crops offers farmers opportunities to diversify their production and tap into emerging markets. By cultivating non-traditional crops, farmers can reduce dependency on conventional markets, explore new revenue streams, and enhance farm resilience. Understanding the specific requirements and market potential of novel crops helps farmers make informed decisions and optimize their farming operations.

neck rot: a disease affecting bulb onions during storage. The onions become soft and begin to rot from the stem downwards. Managing neck rot is essential for maintaining the quality and marketability of stored onions. Farmers can benefit from implementing proper storage practices, such as controlling temperature and humidity, to prevent the onset of neck rot. Regular monitoring and the use of resistant varieties can also reduce losses. Effective management of neck rot ensures higher product quality, reduces waste, and improves profitability for onion producers.

nitrate: 1. an ion with the formula NO3. 2. a chemical compound containing the nitrate ion, e.g., sodium nitrate. 3. a natural constituent of plants. Beets, cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli can contain up to 1mg/kg. Nitrates are a source of nitrogen for plants, essential for their growth and development. Farmers can benefit from understanding the role of nitrates in plant nutrition and applying nitrate fertilizers appropriately. Proper nitrate management ensures optimal crop growth, improves yields, and reduces the risk of environmental pollution from excess nitrates.

Northern Dairy Shorthorn: a dairy breed of cattle, which comes from the old Teeswater cattle, with perhaps a little Ayrshire blood. It is now established as a pure breed. The most popular color is light roan, but red, white, and mixtures of shades are found. The animals are thrifty, hardy, and suitable for harsh upland conditions. The Northern Dairy Shorthorn breed is valued for its adaptability, hardiness, and milk production in challenging environments. Farmers can benefit from raising this breed to produce high-quality milk and maintain resilient herds. Understanding the breed’s specific care and management needs helps optimize production and enhance farm profitability.

nematode: a type of roundworm, some of which, e.g., hookworms, are parasites of animals while others, e.g., root knot and cyst nematodes, live in the roots or stems of plants. Nematodes can pose serious threats to both crops and livestock. Farmers can benefit from regular monitoring and early detection of nematode infestations. Implementing management practices such as crop rotation, resistant varieties, and biological controls can help mitigate the impact of nematodes. Effective nematode management ensures healthier crops and animals, leading to improved farm productivity and profitability.

new chemicals: plural noun the chemicals that were not listed in the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances between January 1971 and September 1981. Compare existing chemicals. Staying informed about new chemicals and their regulatory status helps farmers make safe and effective choices for pest control, fertilization, and other farm operations. Understanding the properties and potential risks of new chemicals ensures responsible use, protecting both crops and the environment. Farmers can benefit from adopting innovative chemical solutions that enhance productivity while maintaining safety and compliance with regulations.

nurse crop: a crop grown to give protection to young plants of a perennial crop which is being established. Nurse crops provide shade and act as windbreaks. Growing nurse crops can protect young perennial plants, such as trees or vines, from harsh environmental conditions and promote their establishment. Farmers can benefit from using nurse crops to improve seedling survival rates, enhance soil health, and reduce erosion. Understanding the selection and management of nurse crops helps optimize crop establishment and long-term productivity. Implementing nurse crop practices supports sustainable farming and resource conservation.

NNR: abbreviation for National Nature Reserve. National Nature Reserves protect vital ecosystems and biodiversity, which can benefit farmers by supporting pollinators, natural pest control, and soil health. Farmers near NNRs can adopt conservation practices that complement the reserve’s goals, enhancing their land’s ecological value and sustainability. Collaborating with NNRs can also provide farmers with opportunities for eco-tourism and educational activities, diversifying their income streams.

nucleus: the central body in a cell, containing DNA and RNA, and controlling the function and characteristics of the cell. Understanding cell biology, including the role of the nucleus, helps farmers and researchers develop better breeding and crop improvement strategies. Knowledge of genetic principles and cellular functions can lead to advancements in plant and animal breeding, improving productivity, disease resistance, and overall farm performance. Farmers can benefit from adopting new technologies and practices based on cellular and genetic research to enhance their operations and sustainability.

nominated service: artificial insemination with semen from a named and tested male animal. Nominated services in artificial insemination provide farmers with access to high-quality, genetically superior male animals. This practice helps improve the genetic quality of livestock, enhancing traits such as productivity, disease resistance, and overall performance. Farmers can benefit from using nominated services to achieve specific breeding goals, increase herd or flock quality, and enhance farm profitability. Access to reliable genetic resources supports sustainable livestock production and long-term farm success.

nature conservation: the active management of the Earth’s natural resources, plants, animals, and environment, to ensure that they survive or are appropriately used. Nature conservation practices on farms can enhance biodiversity, protect soil and water resources, and support sustainable agriculture. Farmers can benefit from participating in conservation programs that provide financial incentives, technical assistance, and recognition for their efforts. Implementing conservation practices can improve farm resilience, reduce environmental impact, and enhance the farm’s reputation as a steward of the land.

native breeds: plural noun breeds which have been developed in a country, and not brought in from other countries. Native breeds are often well-adapted to local conditions, including climate and available feed resources. Farmers can benefit from raising native breeds as they typically exhibit greater resistance to local diseases, require fewer inputs, and can thrive on locally available feed. This can lead to reduced veterinary costs, improved animal welfare, and sustainable livestock production. Additionally, marketing products from native breeds can attract consumers interested in supporting heritage and local agriculture.

nylon: a synthetic material made from polymers, used in ropes, strings, etc. Nylon is a durable and versatile material used in various agricultural applications, including fencing, netting, and equipment components. Farmers can benefit from using nylon products for their strength, weather resistance, and longevity. Understanding the properties and appropriate uses of nylon supports effective farm management and maintenance. Utilizing high-quality materials like nylon enhances farm efficiency, reduces maintenance costs, and ensures reliable performance in agricultural operations.

neutralise: neutralise, verb to make an acid neutral. Acid in drainage water can be neutralized by limestone. To make a bacterial toxin harmless by combining it with the correct amount of antitoxin. To counteract the effect of something. Neutralizing harmful substances in soil, water, or livestock environments is essential for maintaining farm productivity and safety. Farmers can benefit from understanding neutralization processes and using appropriate materials to mitigate the impact of acids, toxins, and other harmful agents. Effective neutralization practices ensure healthier crops, livestock, and overall farm sustainability.

nitrogen-free extract: used in the chemical analysis of animal feeding stuffs, the nitrogen-free extract consists mainly of soluble carbohydrates (sugars) and starch. Abbr NFE. Understanding the nitrogen-free extract content of animal feed helps farmers formulate balanced diets for their livestock. By analyzing feed components, farmers can ensure their animals receive the necessary nutrients for optimal growth, health, and productivity. Proper feed formulation supports efficient livestock production, improves feed conversion rates, and enhances overall farm profitability.

natural selection: the process of evolutionary change, by which offspring of organisms with certain characteristics are more able to survive and reproduce than offspring of other organisms, thus gradually changing the composition of a population. Understanding natural selection can help farmers with livestock breeding programs. By selecting animals with desirable traits such as disease resistance, productivity, and adaptability, farmers can improve herd or flock performance over time. This knowledge supports the development of robust livestock populations that are better suited to local conditions and market demands.

noose: a loop in a rope, with a loose knot which allows it to tighten, e.g., in a halter or a lasso. Using nooses and other restraining tools safely is essential for managing livestock and ensuring animal welfare. Farmers can benefit from understanding the proper techniques for using nooses to handle and secure animals without causing harm. Effective use of restraining tools supports safe and humane livestock management, reduces stress and injury, and enhances overall farm productivity and animal welfare.

nut: 1. a hard indehiscent fruit with one seed. 2. any hard edible seed contained in a fibrous or woody shell, e.g., groundnuts. 3. a small cube of compressed meal, a convenient form of animal feed. Nuts are valuable crops that provide essential nutrients and can be used for various food and feed products. Farmers can benefit from growing nut crops to diversify their production, enhance income stability, and tap into high-value markets. Understanding the specific requirements for nut cultivation, including soil management, irrigation, and pest control, helps optimize production and profitability. Additionally, producing and using nut-based animal feed supports efficient livestock nutrition and resource use.

nitrifier: a microorganism that is involved in the process of nitrification. Nitrifiers play a crucial role in converting nitrogen into forms that plants can absorb. Farmers can benefit from practices that support healthy soil microbial communities, such as maintaining soil organic matter, proper irrigation, and avoiding excessive use of agrochemicals. Promoting the activity of nitrifiers ensures efficient nitrogen cycling, improves soil fertility, and enhances crop growth and productivity.

natural vegetation: the range of plant communities that exist in the natural environment without being planted or managed by people. Preserving natural vegetation on farms can enhance biodiversity, improve soil health, and provide habitat for beneficial organisms. Farmers can benefit from integrating natural vegetation into their farming systems, promoting ecological balance and reducing the need for synthetic inputs. This approach supports sustainable land management, improves resilience to environmental stressors, and enhances the overall productivity of the farm.

nitrate-sensitive area: a region of the country where nitrate pollution is likely and where the use of nitrate fertilizers is strictly controlled. Abbr NSA, NVZ. Managing nitrate use in nitrate-sensitive areas is crucial for protecting water quality and preventing pollution. Farmers can benefit from adhering to regulations and adopting best practices for nitrogen management, such as using precision farming techniques, cover crops, and buffer zones. Compliance with guidelines helps maintain soil fertility, protect water resources, and promote sustainable farming practices.

non-flammable: adjective referring to a material that is difficult to set on fire. Using non-flammable materials in farm structures and equipment enhances safety and reduces the risk of fire-related incidents. Farmers can benefit from selecting non-flammable building materials, machinery components, and protective gear to safeguard their property and livestock. Implementing fire prevention measures and using non-flammable materials contribute to a safer working environment and protect farm investments.

nomad: an animal that moves from place to place without having a fixed range. Compare migrant. Understanding the behavior of nomadic animals, such as livestock, helps farmers manage grazing patterns and prevent overgrazing. Farmers can benefit from rotational grazing systems that mimic nomadic movements, promoting pasture health and sustainability. This approach ensures adequate forage availability, reduces soil erosion, and improves livestock nutrition and productivity. Implementing managed grazing practices supports sustainable land use and enhances overall farm efficiency.

nest: 1. a construction built by birds and some fish for their eggs. 2. a construction made by some social insects such as ants and bees for the colony to live in. verb to build a nest. Encouraging the presence of beneficial birds and insects on farms by providing nesting sites can enhance pest control and pollination. Farmers can benefit from supporting these natural allies, reducing the need for chemical inputs and promoting ecological balance. Creating habitats for nesting also contributes to biodiversity and environmental health, supporting sustainable farming practices.

nectarine: a smooth-skinned variety of peach (Prunus persica nectarina). Nectarines are a valuable fruit crop that can diversify farm income and appeal to consumers seeking fresh, high-quality produce. Farmers can benefit from cultivating nectarines by selecting suitable varieties, optimizing orchard management practices, and implementing effective pest and disease control measures. High-quality nectarines can attract premium prices in the market, enhancing farm profitability. Additionally, nectarines can be processed into value-added products like jams and preserves, further increasing their economic potential.

natural: adjective referring to nature, or produced by nature not by humans. Natural materials and methods often align with sustainable farming practices, promoting environmental health and resource conservation. Farmers can benefit from using natural fertilizers, pest control methods, and materials, reducing reliance on synthetic inputs and minimizing environmental impact. This approach can improve soil health, enhance biodiversity, and attract consumers who prioritize sustainably produced goods, ultimately contributing to a more resilient and profitable farming operation.

NFU: abbreviation for National Farmers’ Union. The National Farmers’ Union advocates for farmers’ rights and interests, providing a unified voice in policy discussions and negotiations. Membership in the NFU offers farmers access to valuable resources, including legal advice, market information, and training programs. By participating in the NFU, farmers can influence agricultural policies, stay informed about industry trends, and benefit from collective bargaining power, ultimately strengthening their farm businesses.

nutrient film technique: a system for growing crops in a plastic channel through which a thin film of water containing nutrients flows. Abbr NFT. The nutrient film technique (NFT) is a hydroponic growing system that delivers nutrients directly to plant roots through a continuous flow of nutrient-rich water. Farmers can benefit from using NFT to grow crops in controlled environments, reducing the need for soil and improving resource efficiency. This technique allows for precise control of nutrient delivery, leading to faster growth rates, higher yields, and improved crop quality. Implementing NFT systems supports sustainable and innovative farming practices.

North Ronaldsay: a rare breed of small sheep, which varies in color from white through grey, brown, and black, and also combinations of these colors. The tail is short, and most of the animals have horns. The North Ronaldsay breed is adapted to harsh coastal environments, making it resilient and low-maintenance. Farmers can benefit from raising this rare breed to enhance genetic diversity, support conservation efforts, and tap into niche markets for heritage wool and meat. Understanding the specific care requirements of North Ronaldsay sheep supports successful breeding and production, contributing to sustainable livestock farming.

Normandy: a breed of cattle from north-west France that have a white coat with red-brown patches. The animals are reared for meat and for milk, from which Camembert cheese is made. The Normandy breed is valued for its dual-purpose capabilities, providing both high-quality milk and meat. Farmers can benefit from raising Normandy cattle to diversify their livestock operations and produce premium products like Camembert cheese. Understanding the breed’s characteristics and management needs helps optimize production, improve animal welfare, and enhance farm profitability.

nitrification inhibitor: a chemical product used to slow down the release of nitrate in organic manure. Nitrification inhibitors help reduce nitrogen losses from leaching and volatilization, improving nitrogen use efficiency in crops. Farmers can benefit from using nitrification inhibitors to enhance fertilizer performance, reduce environmental pollution, and increase crop productivity. Understanding the appropriate use of these products supports sustainable nitrogen management and better farm profitability.